Interdisciplinary challenges in petrochemical facilities require close collaboration between civil, piping, and mechanical engineers to ensure integrity and safety. This collaboration leads to benefits such as seamless integration, reliable piping systems, compliance with regulations, cost reduction, and improved communication.
The concept of ductile design for anchor bolts aims to control failure by allowing the anchor or attachment to yield gradually, preventing sudden collapse. Ductile failures enable steel to absorb energy and elongate, crucial for seismic applications. Anchors must be designed to be governed by the tensile or shear strength of ductile steel. Ductile design is required for critical loads, especially in seismic or blast resistance applications. Key requirements include ensuring concrete capacity exceeds that of the anchor and selecting ductile steel. If requirements cannot be met, methods to increase concrete or shear capacity can be employed. Reinforcing bars or shear lugs can also be used to achieve ductile design.
A rigid pipe support limits pipe movement in specific directions. There are different types of support arrangements:
Anchor or 3D Stops: The pipe is fixed securely to supporting structures, preventing any movement.
Rest or Sliding Support: The pipe is positioned vertically downwards to stop motion caused by its weight and fluid content.
Guide: The pipe is secured in a different direction, allowing limited flexibility through a gap between the pipe and guide plate.
Guide Support: The pipe is securely attached in a vertical downward direction, considering all possible guide options.
The redundancy factor (ρ) is used in relation to seismic load combinations specified in ASCE 7, Section 12.4. It is denoted as ρ and is used in the equation Eh = ρ QE , where Eh represents the effect of horizontal seismic forces and QE is a component or connection force that results from application of horizontal loads.
The two main components of seismic force-resisting systems and their functions in distributing and transmitting lateral forces in structures. It highlights that diaphragms are commonly used in the horizontal system due to their cost-effectiveness and efficacy in resisting seismic forces. The stiffness of the diaphragm in
The importance of the amplification factor (Ωo) in ensuring the strength and reliability of specific elements in a seismic load path. These elements include connections, bolts, welds, gusset plates, anchor bolts, columns, and collectors. The amplification factor is